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ืกื™ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ

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ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœืžืกืขื•ืช ื•ื—ืงืจ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ

ืกื™ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ

ืฉืœื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื,

ืื ืืชื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื• – ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืงืฉืจ ืœืคื•ืœื™ืŸ. ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื• ืคื—ื•ืช, ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื. ืœื ืกืชื ื ื›ื ืกืชื ืืœื™ ืœืืชืจ ืืœื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ.

ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ื’ื "ืžืกืข" ืœืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” – ื–ื” ืืจื•ืข ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™, ืžืจื’ืฉ ื•ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœ. ื–ื” ื’ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื•ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื›ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœื›ื.

ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ืชื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืชื•ืฉื’ ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื™, ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื—ืงื•ืจ, ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื, ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžื™ื“ืข, ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืคื•ืช ( ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช, ืจื•ืกื™ืช, ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ืงืฆืช ืื™ื“ื™ืฉ).

ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ื˜ืื™ื•ืœ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ืื ื™ ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ื›ื ื” ืžืจืืฉ. ื•ืขืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ืขืฅ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœ ืชืจื ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ \ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื ื•.

ืืœื• ื”ื ืžืกืคืจ ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืžืžื ื™ ืื•ืชื ืฆื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืžื‘ืœืš ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ.

ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ืข

ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”.ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœื™ืžืฆื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืื“ืข ืœืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ืžื” ืขืœื” ื‘ื’ื•ืจืœื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื—ืคืฉ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืงืฆื” ื—ื•ื˜ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ืงืฆื” ื”ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื•ืฉื ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืžื” ื”ืชืขืฉืง ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืคื“ื ื™. ื›ืœ ืžืกืžืš, ื›ืœ ืชืžื•ื ื”, ื›ืœ ืกื™ื•ืคื•ืจ – ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช. ืชืขืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื›ื ืœื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™

 

ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžื™ื“ืข

ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ( ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื ื™ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืชื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื™ื•ืจ ืื• ืฉื”ื–ืžื ืชื ืืฆืœื™ ื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”)

ืžืจื›ื– ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ ื•ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ :

ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื” ืžืจื›ื– ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืจืฉืžื™ื ืœื™ื“ื•ืช ืคื˜ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื.ื ืฉืžืจื™ื ืฉื ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉืœื ืžืœืื• ืœื”ื 100 ืฉื ื”. ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ? ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 2024 ื•ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืชืขื•ื“ืช ืœื™ื“ื” ืคื˜ื™ืจื” ืื• ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžืฉื ืช 1924 ื•ืžืขืœื” ืื– ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื”ืžืกืžืš ื›ื–ื” ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”. ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืžืฉื ืช 1924 ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžื—ื•ื–.ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืžืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื›ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืœื ืžืกื•ื‘ืšืื ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืืš ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช.ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื•ืœืฉืœื ืื’ืจื”. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื’ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื•ื’ื ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืจื’ืฉ ื•ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืคืจื•ืฆื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžืกืžืš ืฉืื•ืชื• ืืชื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ืš ืœืคืงื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื›ื ืœื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ืฉืื•ืชื• ืืชื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื. ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื•ื ื–ื”ื” ืœืฉื ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื ื™ืฉ ืืฉื” ื ืฉื•ืื” ื•ืฉื ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื” ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืฉืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืกื‘ื” ืฉืœื” ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉืžื•ื›ื™ื›ื™ื ื›ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืžื—ืคืฉืช ืœื‘ื ืื“ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืชืขื•ื“ืช ืœื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื• ื›ืœ ืžืกืžืš ืื—ืจ ืฉืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืงืฉืจ ืœื‘ื ืื“ื ืฉืืชื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžืœื ืžืกืžื›ื™ื, ืœื“ื‘ื ืขื ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืืช ื–ื” ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš.

ืžื•ื–ืื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื: ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงืจื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื, ื›ืžืขืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœืงื” ืฉืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื. ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื™ืขื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื.

ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช: ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื™ืข ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืื–ืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™. ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ื” ื•ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ื ืจ. ืžืจื’ืฉ ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™. ื’ื ื›ืืŸ, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืžืจืืฉ ื•ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ. ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื•ืœืืชืจ ื’ื•ืฉ ื•ื—ืœืงื” ื•ื’ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืื ืžื•ืœ ืฉื•ืžืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืžืคืชื—.

ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืขืกืง ืžืื– , ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืงื ืกื™ื ื•ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืžืื’ืจื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืื’ืจื™ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ , ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื“ ื•ืฉื ื•ืขื•ื“..

ืืœื• ื”ื ืจืง ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžื™ื“ืข.ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื˜ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืืœื™ื•.

ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ, ืœืจื›ื– ื•ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืืชื›ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืจ \ ืžืกืข ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ืืชื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืœื™ ื•ืืฉืžื— ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื’ื ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื•ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ. ืคืจื˜ื™ ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื™ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ. ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืžื™ื™ืœ ื•ื’ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื’ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืื• ื•ื•ืื˜ืกืืค.

ื .ื‘ – ืžื•ื–ืžื™ื ื ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืืชืจ "ืœืžื˜ื™ื™ืœ"ย